diff --git a/IS/Lab/Lab1/q1.py b/IS/Lab/Lab1/q1.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c00383..0000000
--- a/IS/Lab/Lab1/q1.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-def
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IS/Lab/Lab1/q1_monosub.py b/IS/Lab/Lab1/q1_monosub.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b488b55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IS/Lab/Lab1/q1_monosub.py
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+## ptext = plaintext
+## ak = additive key
+from collections import defaultdict
+
+def add_cipher_en(ptext, ak):
+    result = ""
+    for i in range(len(ptext)):
+        ch = ptext[i]
+        if 32 <= ord(ch) <= 47:
+            result += ch
+        elif 90 >= ord(ch) >= 65:
+            result += chr((ord(ch) + ak - 65) % 26 + 65)
+        else:
+            result += chr((ord(ch) + ak - 97) % 26 + 97)
+    return result
+
+def add_cipher_de(ctext, ak):
+    result = ""
+    for i in range(len(ctext)):
+        ch = ctext[i]
+        if 32 <= ord(ch) <= 47:
+            result += ch
+        elif 90 >= ord(ch) >= 65:
+            result += chr((ord(ch) - ak - 65) % 26 + 65)
+        else:
+            result += chr((ord(ch) - ak - 97) % 26 + 97)
+    return result
+
+def mult_cipher_en(ptext, mk):
+    result = ""
+    for i in range(len(ptext)):
+        ch = ptext[i]
+        if 32 <= ord(ch) <= 47:
+            result += ch
+        elif 90 >= ord(ch) >= 65:
+            result += chr((ord(ch) * mk - 65) % 26 + 65)
+        else:
+            result += chr((ord(ch) * mk - 97) % 26 + 97)
+    return result
+
+def mult_cipher_de(ctext, mk):
+    result = ""
+    inverse = pow(mk, -1, 26)
+    for i in range(len(ctext)):
+        ch = ctext[i]
+        if 32 <= ord(ch) <= 47:
+            result += ch
+        elif 90 >= ord(ch) >= 65:
+            result += chr((ord(ch) * inverse - 65) % 26 + 65)
+        else:
+            result += chr((ord(ch) * inverse - 97) % 26 + 97)
+    return result
+
+def affine_en(ptext, ak, mk):
+    result = ""
+    for i in range(len(ptext)):
+        ch = ptext[i]
+        if 32 <= ord(ch) <= 47:
+            result += ch
+        elif 90 >= ord(ch) >= 65:
+            result += chr((((ord(ch) - 65) * mk) + ak) % 26 + 65)
+        else:
+            result += chr((((ord(ch) - 97) * mk) + ak) % 26 + 97)
+    return result
+
+def affine_de(ctext, ak, mk):
+    result = ""
+    inverse = pow(mk, -1, 26)
+    for i in range(len(ctext)):
+        ch = ctext[i]
+        if 32 <= ord(ch) <= 47:
+            result += ch
+        elif 90 >= ord(ch) >= 65:
+            result += chr((((ord(ch) - 65 - ak) * inverse) % 26) + 65)
+        else:
+            result += chr((((ord(ch) - 97 - ak) * inverse) % 26) + 97)
+    return result
+
+def operator(argument,ptext,ak,mk):
+    match argument:
+        case '1':
+            print("Additive Cipher")
+            print("Plaintext: ", ptext)
+            print("Additive Key: ", ak)
+            ctext = add_cipher_en(ptext, ak)
+            print("Ciphertext: ", ctext)
+            print("Decrypted Text: ", add_cipher_de(ctext, ak))
+        case '2':
+            print("Multiplicative Cipher")
+            print("Plaintext: ", ptext)
+            print("Multiplicative Key: ", mk)
+            ctext = mult_cipher_en(ptext, mk)
+            print("Ciphertext: ", ctext)
+            print("Decrypted Text: ", mult_cipher_de(ctext, mk))
+        case '3':
+            print("Affine Cipher")
+            print("Plaintext: ", ptext)
+            print("Additive Key: ", ak)
+            print("Multiplicative Key: ", mk)
+            ctext = affine_en(ptext, ak, mk)
+            print("Ciphertext: ", ctext)
+            print("Decrypted Text: ", affine_de(ctext, ak, mk))
+        case '4':
+            print("Goodbye")
+            exit()
+        case _:
+            print("Invalid Choice, please try again.")
+
+def main():
+    ptext = input("Kindly enter your desired plaintext: ")
+    ak = 20
+    mk = 15
+
+    print("Welcome to the substitution cipher system.")
+    print("Enter your choice of algorithm")
+    print("1. Additive Cipher")
+    print("2. Multiplicative Cipher")
+    print("3. Affine Cipher")
+    print("4. Exit")
+
+    while True:
+        op = input("Enter your choice of operation: ")
+        operator(op, ptext, ak, mk)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/IS/Lab/Lab1/q2_autokey.py b/IS/Lab/Lab1/q2_autokey.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..513050a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IS/Lab/Lab1/q2_autokey.py
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+def vigenere_en(ptext, vk):
+    result = ""
+    ptext = ptext.upper()
+    vk = vk.upper()
+
+    kl = len(vk) ## key length
+
+    for i in range(len(ptext)):
+        ch = ptext[i]
+        if 32 <= ord(ch) <= 47:
+            result += ch
+        elif 65 <= ord(ch) <= 90:
+            shift = (ord(vk[i % kl]) - ord('A')) % 26
+            result += chr((ord(ch) - ord('A') + shift) % 26 + ord('A'))
+        else:
+            result += ch
+
+    return result
+
+
+def vigenere_de(ctext, vk):
+    result = ""
+    ctext = ctext.upper()
+    vk = vk.upper()
+
+    kl = len(vk)
+
+    for i in range(len(ctext)):
+        ch = ctext[i]
+        if 32 <= ord(ch) <= 47:
+            result += ch
+        elif 65 <= ord(ch) <= 90:
+            shift = (ord(vk[i % kl]) - ord('A')) % 26
+            result += chr((ord(ch) - ord('A') - shift + 26) % 26 + ord('A'))
+        else:
+            result += ch
+
+    return result
+
+
+def autokey_en(ptext, ak):
+    result = ""
+    ptext = ptext.upper()
+    current_key = ak
+
+    for i in range(len(ptext)):
+        ch = ptext[i]
+        if 32 <= ord(ch) <= 47:
+            result += ch
+        elif 65 <= ord(ch) <= 90:
+            shift = (current_key - ord('A')) % 26
+            cipher_char = chr((ord(ch) - ord('A') + shift) % 26 + ord('A'))
+            result += cipher_char
+            current_key = ord(cipher_char)
+        else:
+            result += ch
+
+    return result
+
+def autokey_de(ctext, ak):
+    result = ""
+    ctext = ctext.upper()
+    current_key = ak
+
+    for i in range(len(ctext)):
+        ch = ctext[i]
+        if 32 <= ord(ch) <= 47:
+            result += ch
+        elif 65 <= ord(ch) <= 90:
+            shift = (current_key - ord('A')) % 26
+            plain_char = chr((ord(ch) - ord('A') - shift + 26) % 26 + ord('A'))
+            result += plain_char
+            current_key = ord(plain_char)
+        else:
+            result += ch
+
+    return result
+
+def operator(argument,ptext,ak,vk):
+    match argument:
+        case '1':
+            print("Vigenere Cipher")
+            print("Plaintext: ", ptext)
+            print("Vigenere Key: ", vk)
+            ctext = vigenere_en(ptext, vk)
+            print("Ciphertext: ", ctext)
+            print("Decrypted Text: ", vigenere_de(ctext, vk))
+        case '2':
+            print("Autokey Cipher")
+            print("Plaintext: ", ptext)
+            print("Auto Key: ", ak)
+            ctext = autokey_en(ptext, ak)
+            print("Ciphertext: ", ctext)
+            print("Decrypted Text: ", autokey_de(ctext, ak))
+        case '3':
+            print("Goodbye")
+            exit()
+        case _:
+            print("Invalid Choice, please try again.")
+
+def main():
+    ptext = input("Kindly enter your desired plaintext: ")
+    vk = input("Kindly enter the Vigenere Key: ")
+    ak = int(input("Kindly enter the Autokey: "))
+
+    print("Welcome to the Autokey cipher system.")
+    print("Enter your choice of algorithm")
+    print("1. Vigenere Cipher")
+    print("2. Autokey Cipher")
+    print("3. Exit")
+
+    while True:
+        op = input("Enter your choice of operation: ")
+        operator(op, ptext, ak, vk)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/IS/Lab/Lab1/q3_playfair.py b/IS/Lab/Lab1/q3_playfair.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8227f1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IS/Lab/Lab1/q3_playfair.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+def generate_playfair_matrix(key):
+    key = ''.join(sorted(set(key.upper()), key=key.upper().index))
+    alphabet = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+    matrix = []
+
+    for char in key:
+        if char not in matrix and char != 'J':
+            matrix.append(char)
+
+    for char in alphabet:
+        if char not in matrix and char != 'J':
+            matrix.append(char)
+
+    playfair_matrix = [matrix[i:i+5] for i in range(0, len(matrix), 5)]
+    return playfair_matrix
+
+def find_pos(matrix, char):
+    for row_idx, row in enumerate(matrix):
+        if char in row:
+            col_idx = row.index(char)
+            return row_idx, col_idx
+    return None
+
+def prepare_text(text):
+    text = ''.join(filter(str.isalpha, text.upper()))
+    text = text.replace('J', 'I')
+    pairs = []
+    i = 0
+    while i < len(text):
+        if i + 1 < len(text) and text[i] != text[i+1]:
+            pairs.append(text[i:i+2])
+            i += 2
+        else:
+            pairs.append(text[i]+'X')
+            i += 1
+    return pairs
+
+def playfair_en(ptext, pfk):
+    matrix = generate_playfair_matrix(pfk)
+    ptext_pairs = prepare_text(ptext)
+
+    ctext = []
+    for pair in ptext_pairs:
+        r1, c1 = find_pos(matrix, pair[0])
+        r2, c2 = find_pos(matrix, pair[1])
+
+        if r1 == r2:
+            ctext.append(matrix[r1][(c1 + 1) % 5] + matrix[r2][(c2 + 1) % 5])
+        elif c1 == c2:
+            ctext.append(matrix[(r1 + 1) % 5][c1] + matrix[(r2 + 1) % 5][c2])
+        else:
+            ctext.append(matrix[r1][c2] + matrix[r2][c1])
+
+    return ''.join(ctext)
+
+def playfair_de(ctext, pfk):
+    matrix = generate_playfair_matrix(pfk)
+    ctext_pairs = prepare_text(ctext)
+
+    ptext = []
+    for pair in ctext_pairs:
+        r1, c1 = find_pos(matrix, pair[0])
+        r2, c2 = find_pos(matrix, pair[1])
+
+        if r1 == r2:
+            ptext.append(matrix[r1][(c1 - 1) % 5] + matrix[r2][(c2 - 1) % 5])
+        elif c1 == c2:
+            ptext.append(matrix[(r1 - 1) % 5][c1] + matrix[(r2 - 1) % 5][c2])
+        else:
+            ptext.append(matrix[r1][c2] + matrix[r2][c1])
+
+    return ''.join(ptext)
+
+def main():
+    ptext = input("Kindly enter your desired plaintext: ")
+    pfk = input("Kindly enter the Playfair Key: ")
+
+    print("Welcome to the Playfair cipher system.")
+    print("Plaintext: ", ptext)
+    print("Playfair Key: ", pfk)
+    ctext = playfair_en(ptext, pfk)
+    print("Ciphertext: ", ctext)
+    decrypted_text = playfair_de(ctext, pfk)
+    print("Decrypted Text: ", decrypted_text)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IS/Lab/Lab1/q4_hill.py b/IS/Lab/Lab1/q4_hill.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9093626
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IS/Lab/Lab1/q4_hill.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+def print_mat(hk):
+
+def main():
+    ptext = input("Kindly enter your desired plaintext: ")
+    hk = input("Kindly enter the Hill Key: ")
+
+    print("Welcome to the Hill cipher.")
+    print("Plaintext: ", ptext)
+    print("Hill Key: ", print_mat(hk))
+    ctext = hill_en(ptext, hk)
+    print("Ciphertext: ", ctext)
+    decrypted_text = hill_de(ctext, hk)
+    print("Decrypted Text: ", decrypted_text)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IS/Lab/Lab1/q5_john.py b/IS/Lab/Lab1/q5_john.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/IS/Lab/Lab1/q6_affine_bf.py b/IS/Lab/Lab1/q6_affine_bf.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29